Off-grid renewable energy solutions have emerged as a mainstream solution to expand access to modern energy services in a timely and environmentally sustainable manner. Over the past five years, the deployment of stand-alone and mini grid systems has witnessed tremendous progress as technology costs have plummeted, innovation in deployment and financing models has picked up, and a more diverse set of stakeholders, including local entrepreneurs, the international private sector and financing institutions, have become engaged in the sector. Besides providing energy for lighting and cooking, off-grid solutions are being deployed to support the delivery of public services (e.g., education, water and primary health care), the development of livelihoods by powering productive end-uses (e.g., agriculture) and other commercial and industrial needs.